Marcelo Grassmann (São Simão 1925 - São Paulo 2013)
Marcelo Grassmann was an important Brazilian printmaker, draftsman, illustrator and teacher, whose work is marked by refined technique and by his dedication to printmaking and drawing. Born in São Simão, São Paulo, he began his artistic training at the Escola Profissional Masculina do Brás, where he studied foundry, mechanics and wood carving between 1939 and 1942. From 1943 onward, Grassmann began to devote himself to woodcut, a technique that would become one of the most striking features of his work.
His career as an illustrator began at the Suplemento Literário of the Diário de São Paulo between 1947 and 1948, and he later also contributed illustrations to the newspaper O Estado de S. Paulo. From 1949, Grassmann moved to Rio de Janeiro, where he continued working as an illustrator, now for the Jornal do Estado da Guanabara. During this period, he furthered his studies at the Liceu de Artes e Ofícios, where he devoted himself to metal engraving with Henrique Oswald and to lithography with Poty.
In 1952, Grassmann moved to Salvador, where he had the opportunity to work with the renowned sculptor Mário Cravo Júnior. His international career took shape in 1953, when he was awarded a foreign travel prize at the Salão Nacional de Arte Moderna (SNAM). He went to study at the Academy of Applied Arts in Vienna, further expanding his knowledge of drawing, lithography and metal engraving techniques. Over the course of his career, Grassmann gained recognition, and his work was acquired by the São Paulo State government in 1969, becoming part of the collection of the Pinacoteca do Estado de São Paulo (PESP).
In 1978, the house where he was born in São Simão was turned into a museum, a tribute to his artistic and cultural contribution, and was listed by Condephaat (Council for the Defense of the Historical, Artistic, Archaeological and Tourist Heritage of the State of São Paulo). Between 1991 and 1992, Grassmann held a grant from the Fundação Vitae, which helped to further consolidate his relevance on the São Paulo and national art scene. His work reflects a strong connection with the traditional techniques of printmaking, while bringing an innovative and deeply Brazilian perspective.
Critical Commentary
At the beginning of his career, his contact with the work of Oswaldo Goeldi (1895 - 1961) and also with that of Lívio Abramo (1903 - 1992) stands out. His first woodcuts feature arabesques and stippling obtained by working on end-grain wood. In 1949, he produced the series Cavaleiros Noturnos [Night Riders], with military figures in black, cut out against a white background. Later, fantastic figures appear in his themes, such as mermaids, harpies (fabulous monsters with a woman's face and a bird's body), small demons, horses, fish, and beings that are part human and part animal, related to a magical universe. He began to use lithography, in which his drawing proves more fluent.
According to the critic Aracy Amaral, after work more closely linked to expressionism at the beginning of his career, Grassmann began to explore the mythical and fantastic universe. The artist frequently draws on motifs linked to the medieval and Renaissance imagination. Throughout his career, he was interested in art history and mythology. As the artist points out, his work takes as references the beings created by the painter Hieronymus Bosch (ca.1450 - 1516) and the work of Alfred Kubin (1877 - 1959), with whom he had contact during his stay in Vienna.
The artist combines an extremely rich graphic symbolism with a very personal and refined technique. For Lívio Abramo, "Between the artist's complex inner world and its plastic realization the path is short: intricate arabesques, strange symbioses of human beings and animals, metamorphoses revealing desires and anxieties, poetic sense and great formal freedom ...". One of the most respected Brazilian printmakers, Marcelo Grassmann proves to be a profound connoisseur of graphic media and techniques.
Critiques
"From early on, Marcelo Grassmann found in drawing and printmaking the means of language best able to define him, also discovering at the outset, within the bounds of German expressionism, the familiar source of his own way of seeing and reflecting the world. Throughout the development of his work, which today ranks among the most prominent on the Brazilian scene, one can observe the progressive overcoming of the initial expressionist influence by a warm entry into the realm of the fantastic, steeped in affinities ranging from Bosch and Brueghel to, in our century, the Austrian Alfred Kubin.
The emergence of a certain atmosphere of lyrical medievalism or Renaissance fantasy in knights, ladies and maidens ready for war, wonder, silence and love.
Having abandoned the more dramatic references of earlier days, while always keeping the nervous agility of line and incision, Grassmann's work gradually became populated by new figures, tensely calmed in the blend of contrasts between light and dark, between light and darkness, between good and evil, between truce and combat".
Roberto Pontual
PONTUAL, Roberto. Marcelo Grassmann. In: GRASSMANN, Marcelo. O mundo mágico de Marcelo Grassmann: 70 anos. São Paulo: Galeria Arte Aplicada, 1995. p. 48.
"Grassmann's fascination actually springs from several qualities. For example, from his unmistakable iconographic universe, always associated with the Middle Ages: warriors, knights, mounts, pennants and helmets; ladies showing signs of sweetness, probably only apparent, who associate with goblins or little monsters; and an extensive imaginary bestiary, which at other times could be frightening. One might try to explain this universe of Grassmann's as a kind of unconscious memory or atavism of a descendant of Germans. But this explanation, besides being somewhat contrived, is unnecessary. What really matters is that Grassmann belongs to a spiritual family of artists who have always existed at different moments in history and have always given expression to the mysterious 'dark side' of the human soul.
And, in fact, this side and this iconography are even in vogue nowadays. The crisis of contemporary man, his anguish and uncertainty, is projected and recognized in these hazy mists".
Olívio Tavares de Araújo
ARAÚJO, Olívio Tavares. Marcelo Grassmann. In: GRASSMANN, Marcelo. Marcelo Grassmann. Curitiba: Museu Alfredo Andersen, 1999. [Texto originalmente publicado na revista IstoÉ, 18 set. 1995, p.51].
Testimonials
"I think my work as an illustrator was very important. First because of the imposition of the text; it wasn't what I wanted, but what I was given. And it's hard when you take wonderful writers who, when it comes to translating them into illustration, give you nothing. A Drummond, I sit sweating over his text, reading, rereading, reading, rereading; it's poetic, it's something that ends right there. What are you going to add? It's almost impossible. Some writers are great to illustrate, they're full of images; it doesn't matter whether they are the same ones we project, at least they suggest a lot. (...)
I feel lithography is a relatively poor medium because it doesn't accept rethinking; it is a material that suffers from fatigue. A carefully worked metal print can become brilliant, looking as if it were done directly, while a heavily worked lithograph looks tired. The kitchen of metal engraving is very complicated and much more fascinating than the kitchen of lithography. (...)
Accident is part of the creative process. When you pick up a pencil to draw on paper, the paper, even with manufacturing control, would be subject to different humidity and there would be variations. Accident is the greater part of the work of art, and your mind is what will control the rest. (...)
Normally I place myself before a plate wanting to carry out a certain idea; the idea may already preexist, as a very rough form of what it will become, but it will undergo a whole metamorphosis of language, the language of metal or even of lithography. Each of these languages, even when starting from an image that has already been much studied, takes on a whole other content the moment it is transferred from one graphic language to another. Even once engraved, the plate also suffers, it is brutalized, it's a back-and-forth. Sometimes I head off toward other things within what was already finished and end up returning to the starting point; that is what's fascinating. I would even say that this is the fascination of metal engraving. I have always thought that the great moment of creation in metal engraving is the one when you say: 'This plate is ruined!'. Because then you say: 'What can I do?' It's something like a challenge. Of course, if you take a fresh plate it's much simpler to rework everything, but that would be a different approach. The challenge, precisely, is not to salvage a plate, but how to make a failure become a work of art. [...]
When people ask me why I focus more on one period than another, it's very curious, because although formally the Renaissance gave me much more than the Middle Ages, the Middle Ages were, in my view, more charged with inner things than the Renaissance, which already began with a formalist concern, with style, manner, with how to look at things, more than with which things were to be looked at. The Flemish loved to paint hell, because hell offered the possibility of millions of fantasies. Bosch, for example, goes into all that madness of figures inside armor, half fish, half human, half comic, and, deep down, I received very important influences from him. Bosch's world is full of devilry, of fantasies, of things that don't belong to everyone. China, on the other hand, gave me two things: a dragon and some little devils. The Etruscans gave me little, the Egyptians gave me much more, with their religious zoomorphisms".
Marcelo Grassmann à Equipe da Pinacoteca do Estado de São Paulo
GRASSMANN, Marcelo. Trechos da entrevista de Marcelo Grassmann à equipe da pinacoteca do estado em 22. 08. 84. In: ___. Marcelo Grassmann: 40 anos de gravura. São Paulo: Pinacoteca do Estado, 1984. p. 19-21
Solo Exhibitions
1946 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - First solo exhibition
1950 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - Solo, at Enba
1952 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - Solo, at MEC
1955 - Vienna (Austria) - Solo, at Galeria Würthle
1957 - Buenos Aires (Argentina) - Solo, at Galeria Viscontea
1959 - Dallas (United States) - Solo, at Museum of Fine Arts
1959 - Washington (United States) - Solo, at Pan American Union Gallery
1960 - Milan (Italy) - Solo, at Centro Culturale San Fedele
1960 - Montevideo (Uruguay) - Solo, at Instituto de Cultura Uruguayo-Brasileño
1960 - São Paulo SP - Solo, at Galeria São Luís
1960 - Washington (United States) - Solo, at Pan American Union Gallery
1962 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - Solo, at Petite Galerie
1963 - Milan (Italy) - Solo, at Galeria Sthendal
1963 - São Paulo SP - Solo, at Seta Galeria de Arte
1964 - Argel (Argélia) - Solo, at Salle Ibn Khaldoun
1964 - Buenos Aires (Argentina) - Solo, at Galeria Lascaux
1964 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - Solo, at Petite Galerie
1964 - Washington (United States) - Solo, at Brazilian-American Cultural Institute
1965 - Mexico City (Mexico) - Solo, at Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes
1966 - São Paulo SP - Solo, at Galeria 4 Planetas
1966 - São Paulo SP - Solo, at Galeria Cosme Velho
1967 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - Solo, at Galeria Santa Rosa
1968 - Paris (France) - Marcelo Grassmann, at Galerie Debret
1969 - Mexico City (Mexico) - Solo, at Galeria Merk-Cup
1969 - São Paulo SP - Marcelo Grassmann: 25 Years of Printmaking, at MAM/SP
1970 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - Marcelo Grassmann: 25 Years of Printmaking, at MAM/RJ
1970 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - Marcelo Grassmann: Retrospective, at MAM/SP
1971 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - Solo, at Atualidade Galeria de Arte Oscar Seraphico
1972 - Rome (Italy) - Solo, at Galeria d'Arte Casa do Brasil
1973 - Barcelona (Spain) - Solo, at Galeria Camarotes Granados
1973 - Brasília DF - Solo, at Oscar Seraphico Galeria de Arte
1974 - Assunção (Paraguay) - Solo, at Galeria da Missão Cultural Brasileira
1974 - New Delhi (India) - Solo, at Chanakiya Gallery
1975 - Ancara (Turquia) - Solo, at Instituto de Estudos Franceses
1975 - Santos SP - Solo, at CCBEU
1976 - Brasília DF - Solo, at Oscar Seraphico Galeria de Arte
1976 - São José do Rio Pardo SP - Marcelo Grassmann: Prints
1976 - São Paulo SP - Marcelo Grassmann: Prints, at Galeria Cosme Velho
1976 - São Paulo SP - Marcelo Grassmann: Prints, at Pinacoteca do Estado
1976 - São Paulo SP - Solo, at Empresa Folha da Manhã Ltda
1977 - Belo Horizonte MG - Solo, at Escola Guignard
1977 - Curitiba PR - Solo, at Museu Guido Viaro
1977 - Porto Alegre RS - Solo, at Oficina de Arte
1978 - Olinda PE - Solo, at Museu de Arte Sacra
1978 - São Paulo SP - Marcelo Grassmann: Drawings, at Grifo Galeria de Arte
1980 - Porto Alegre RS - Solo, at Galeria Guignard
1981 - Curitiba PR - Solo, at Fundação Cultural de Curitiba
1982 - Brasília DF - Solo, at Banco Central do Brasil
1982 - Porto Alegre RS - Solo, at Bolsa de Arte de Porto Alegre
1982 - Ribeirão Preto SP - Solo, at Galeria Jardim Contemporâneo
1983 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - Solo, at Realidade Galeria de Arte
1984 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - Solo, at Realidade Galeria de Arte
1984 - São Paulo SP - Solo, at Associação Paulista do Ministério Público
1984 - São Paulo SP - Marcelo Grassmann: 40 Years of Printmaking, at Pinacoteca do Estado
1984 - São Paulo SP - Marcelo Grassmann: Drawings, at Grifo Galeria de Arte
1985 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - Solo, at Realidade Galeria de Arte
1986 - Porto Alegre RS - Solo, at Kraft Escritório de Arte
1988 - São Paulo SP - Marcelo Grassmann: Drawings, at Galeria Montesanti Roesler
1989 - Paris (France) - Solo, at Musée d'Art Moderne et Contemporain
1990 - Curitiba PR - Solo, at Simões de Assis Galeria de Arte
1990 - Curitiba PR - Marcelo Grassmann: Unpublished Drawings and Prints, at Fundação Cultural de Curitiba
1990 - São Paulo SP - Marcelo Grassmann: The Space of the Artist as a Young Man, at Paço das Artes
1991 - São Paulo SP - Solo, at Galeria Steiner
1992 - São Paulo SP - Marcelo Grassmann: Prints and Drawings, at Museu Banespa
1995 - São Paulo SP - Marcelo Grassmann: 70 Years, at Masp
1995 - São Paulo SP - The Magical World of Marcelo Grassmann: The Artist's 70 Years, at Arte Aplicada I - Galeria
1996 - São Paulo SP - Marcelo Grassmann: Printmaker: 1944/1954, at Pinacoteca do Estado
1999 - Curitiba PR - Marcelo Grassmann: Artist of the Month, at Museu Alfredo Andersen
2000 - Porto Alegre RS - Solo, at Garagem de Arte
2002 - São Paulo SP - Emanations of the Unconscious, at Nóbrega Antiquário e Galeria de Arte
2002 - São Paulo SP - Solo, at Espaço Augusta 664
Group Exhibitions
1946 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - Four Newest, at IAB/RJ
1946 - Valparaíso (Chile) - Exhibition of Brazilian Contemporary Painting, at Instituto de Extensão de Artes Plásticas
1947 - São Paulo SP - 19 Painters, at Galeria Prestes Maia
1947 - São Paulo SP - Watercolors and Gouaches, at Biblioteca Municipal Mário de Andrade
1950 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - 56th National Salon of Fine Arts, at MNBA - silver medal
1950 - Venice (Italy) - 25th Venice Biennale
1951 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - 57th National Salon of Modern Art, at MNBA - gold medal
1951 - São Paulo SP - 1st Bienal Internacional de São Paulo, at Pavilhão do Trianon - acquisition prize
1951 - São Paulo SP - 1st São Paulo Salon of Fine Arts - foreign travel award
1952 - Feira de Santana BA - 1st Feira de Santana Modern Art Exhibition, at Banco Econômico
1952 - Paris (France) - 38th Salon de Mai
1952 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - 1st National Salon of Modern Art, at Enba - foreign travel award
1952 - Santiago (Chile) - Painting, Drawing and Printmaking of Contemporary Brazil
1952 - São Paulo SP - 2nd São Paulo Salon of Modern Art, at Galeria Prestes Maia
1953 - São Paulo SP - 2nd Bienal Internacional de São Paulo, at Pavilhão dos Estados
1954 - Berna (Switzerland) - Gravure Brésilienne, at Kunstmuseum
1954 - Goiânia GO - Exhibition of the National Congress of Intellectuals
1954 - São Paulo SP - Contemporary Art: Exhibition of the Collection of the Museu de Arte Moderna de São Paulo, at MAM/SP
1955 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - 4th National Salon of Modern Art
1955 - São Paulo SP - 3rd Bienal Internacional de São Paulo, at Pavilhão das Nações - best national printmaker
1955 - Vienna (Austria) - Marcelo Grassmann and Max Ernst, at Galeria Würthle
1956 - Geneva (Switzerland) - International Exhibition of Wood Engravers
1956 - Venice (Italy) - 28th Venice Biennale
1956 - Zurich (Switzerland) - 2nd Xylon
1957 - Montevideo (Uruguay) - Grabados Brasileños, at Instituto Cultural Uruguayo-Brasileño
1957 - São Paulo SP - 4th Bienal Internacional de São Paulo, at Pavilhão Ciccillo Matarazzo Sobrinho - best national draftsman
1957 - São Paulo SP - 6th São Paulo Salon of Modern Art, at Galeria Prestes Maia - grand gold medal and State Governor Prize
1958 - São Paulo SP - 47 Artists, at Galeria de Arte das Folhas
1958 - São Paulo SP - 7th São Paulo Salon of Modern Art, at Galeria Prestes Maia
1958 - São Paulo SP - 23rd São Paulo Salon of Fine Arts
1958 - Venice (Italy) - 29th Venice Biennale - sacred art prize
1959 - Leverkusen (Germany) - First Group Exhibition of Brazilian Artists in Europe
1959 - Munich (Germany) - First Group Exhibition of Brazilian Artists in Europe, at Kunsthaus
1959 - Paris (France) - 1st Paris Biennale - drawing prize
1959 - Paris (France) - 1st Biennale des Jeunes
1959 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - 30 Years of Brazilian Art, at Galeria Macunaíma
1959 - São Paulo SP - 5th Bienal Internacional de São Paulo, at Pavilhão Ciccillo Matarazzo Sobrinho - national grand prize in drawing
1959 - Vienna (Austria) - First Group Exhibition of Brazilian Artists in Europe
1960 - Hamburg (Germany) - First Group Exhibition of Brazilian Artists in Europe
1960 - Jerusalem (Israel) - 12 Brazilian Artists, at Bezalel Museum Jerusalem
1960 - Lisbon (Portugal) - First Group Exhibition of Brazilian Artists in Europe
1960 - Madrid (Spain) - First Group Exhibition of Brazilian Artists in Europe
1960 - Paris (France) - First Group Exhibition of Brazilian Artists in Europe
1960 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - Oswaldo Goeldi and Marcelo Grassmann, at Galeria Bonino
1960 - São Paulo SP - Leirner Collection, at Galeria de Arte das Folhas
1960 - Utrecht (Netherlands) - First Group Exhibition of Brazilian Artists in Europe
1961 - São Paulo SP - 6th Bienal Internacional de São Paulo, at Pavilhão Ciccillo Matarazzo Sobrinho
1961 - São Paulo SP - Marcelo Grassmann and Francisco Stockinger, at Galeria São Luís
1961 - Tokyo (Japan) - 6th Tokyo Biennial
1962 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - Marcelo Grassmann and Francisco Stockinger, at Petite Galerie
1962 - São Paulo SP - Marcelo Grassmann, Eduardo Sued, Oswaldo Goeldi and Darel, at Galeria Residência
1962 - São Paulo SP - Selection of Brazilian Artworks from the Ernesto Wolf Collection, at MAM/SP
1962 - Venice (Italy) - 31st Venice Biennale
1963 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - 1st Jornal do Brasil Art Salon, at MAM/RJ
1963 - São Paulo SP - Marcelo Grassmann and Darel, at Seta Galeria de Arte
1964 - Ribeirão Preto SP - 1st Exhibition of Young National Printmaking
1964 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - The Nude in Contemporary Art, at Galeria Ibeu Copacabana
1964 - São Paulo SP - 1st Exhibition of Young National Printmaking, at MAC/USP
1965 - Belo Horizonte MG - 1st Exhibition of Young National Printmaking, at MAP
1965 - Curitiba PR - 1st Exhibition of Young National Printmaking, at Secretaria do Estado de Educação
1965 - Vienna (Austria) - Current Brazilian Art
1965 - Bonn (Germany) - Current Brazilian Art
1965 - London (United Kingdom) - Brazilian Art Today, at Royal Academy of Arts
1966 - Belo Horizonte MG - 21st Belo Horizonte City Fine Arts Salon, at MAP
1966 - Filadélfia (United States) - Contemporary Brazilian Printmakers, at Cornell University
1966 - Ribeirão Preto SP - 40 Brazilian and Foreign Prints from the MAC Collection, at Escola de Artes Plásticas de Ribeirão Preto
1966 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - Self-Portraits, at Galeria Ibeu Copacabana
1966 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - The Artist and the Machine, at MAM/RJ
1966 - Salvador BA - 1st National Biennial of Visual Arts
1966 - São Paulo SP - 2nd Exhibition of Young National Printmaking, at MAC/USP
1966 - São Paulo SP - 40 Brazilian and Foreign Prints from the MAC Collection, at MAC/USP
1966 - São Paulo SP - The Artist and the Machine, at Masp
1967 - São Paulo SP - 9th Bienal Internacional de São Paulo, at Fundação Bienal - acquisition prize
1968 - Piracicaba SP - 40 Prints: National and Foreign, at Esalq
1968 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - 6th Jornal do Brasil Art Salon, at MAM/RJ
1968 - São Paulo SP - 19 Painters, at Tema Galeria de Arte
1969 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - 18th National Salon of Modern Art
1969 - São Paulo SP - 10th Bienal Internacional de São Paulo, at Fundação Bienal
1969 - São Paulo SP - 1st Panorama of Current Brazilian Art, at MAM/SP
1969 - São Paulo SP - 25 Years of Printmaking, at MAM/SP
1970 - Olinda PE - 40 Brazilian and Foreign Prints from the MAC Collection, at MAC/Olinda
1970 - Penápolis SP - 40 Brazilian and Foreign Prints from the MAC Collection
1970 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - 25 Years of Printmaking, at MAM/RJ
1971 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - 9th JB Art Summary, at MAM/RJ
1971 - São Paulo SP - 3rd Panorama of Current Brazilian Art, at MAM/SP
1972 - Florence (Italy) - 3rd Biennale Internazionale della Grafica d'Arte, at Palácio Strozzi - gold medal
1972 - São Paulo SP - 2nd International Printmaking Exhibition, at MAM/SP
1972 - São Paulo SP - Art/Brazil/Today: 50 Years Later, at Galeria da Collectio
1973 - Belo Horizonte MG - 1st Global Winter Salon, at Palácio das Artes
1973 - Blumenau SC - 6th Barriga-Verde Visual Arts Group Show
1974 - Madrid (Spain) - Graphic Art Today, at Direção Geral de Belas Artes
1974 - New York (United States) - Latin American Prints from the Museum of Modern Art, at The Center for Inter-American Relations
1974 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - Goeldi-Grassmann-Messias, at Bolsa de Arte do Rio de Janeiro
1974 - São Paulo SP - José Luiz Cuevas and Marcelo Grassmann, at Galeria Múltipla de Arte
1975 - Alabama (United States) - Alabama Art Festival - special room
1975 - Brussels (Belgium) - Four Brazilian Printmakers
1975 - Penápolis SP - 1st Noroeste Visual Arts Salon, at Fundação Educacional de Penápolis. Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Penápolis
1975 - Porto Alegre RS - Group Show, at Galeria Sharp
1976 - Penápolis SP - 2nd Noroeste Visual Arts Salon, at Fundação Educacional de Penápolis. Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Penápolis
1976 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - Brazilian Printmaking
1976 - São Paulo SP - Young Drawing of the 1940s, at Pinacoteca do Estado
1977 - Belo Horizonte MG - 5th Global Winter Salon, at Fundação Palácio das Artes
1977 - Brasília DF - 5th Global Winter Salon, at Fundação Cultural do Distrito Federal
1977 - Milan (Italy) - Brazilian Printmaking and Sculpture, at Centro Rizzoli
1977 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - 5th Global Winter Salon, at MNBA
1977 - São Paulo SP - 5th Global Winter Salon, at Masp
1977 - São Paulo SP - Aspects of Metal Engraving, at Pinacoteca do Estado
1977 - São Paulo SP - The Groups: The 1940s, at Museu Lasar Segall
1978 - Curitiba PR - 1st Curitiba Annual Printmaking Show, at Centro de Criatividade
1978 - Penápolis SP - 3rd Noroeste Visual Arts Salon, at Fundação Educacional de Penápolis. Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Penápolis
1978 - São Paulo SP - 19 Painters, at MAM/SP
1978 - São Paulo SP - Art and Its Processes: Paper as Support, at Pinacoteca do Estado
1978 - São Paulo SP - Aspects of Lithography in the Pinacoteca Collection, at Pinacoteca do Estado
1979 - São Bernardo do Campo SP - The Greatest Brazilian Printmakers, at Paço Municipal
1979 - São Paulo SP - 15th Bienal Internacional de São Paulo, at Fundação Bienal
1980 - Curitiba PR - 2nd Brazilian Drawing Show, at Teatro Guaíra
1980 - Penápolis SP - 4th Noroeste Visual Arts Salon, at Fundação Educacional de Penápolis. Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Penápolis
1980 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - Tribute to Mário Pedrosa, at Galeria Jean Boghici
1981 - Belo Horizonte MG - Hilton Printmaking Highlights, at Palácio das Artes
1981 - Brasília DF - Hilton Printmaking Highlights, at ECT Galeria de Arte
1981 - Curitiba PR - Hilton Printmaking Highlights, at Casa da Gravura Solar do Barão
1981 - Florianópolis SC - Hilton Printmaking Highlights, at Masc
1981 - Porto Alegre RS - Hilton Printmaking Highlights, at Margs
1981 - Recife PE - Hilton Printmaking Highlights, at MAM/PE
1981 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - Hilton Printmaking Highlights, at MAM/RJ
1981 - Salvador BA - Hilton Printmaking Highlights, at Teatro Castro Alves
1981 - São Paulo SP - Hilton Printmaking Highlights, at MAM/SP
1982 - Belo Horizonte MG - Group Show, at Palácio das Artes
1982 - Penápolis SP - 5th Noroeste Visual Arts Salon, at Fundação Educacional de Penápolis. Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Penápolis
1982 - São Paulo SP - From Modernism to the Bienal, at MAM/SP
1982 - São Paulo SP - Six Expressionist Printmakers of Brazil: Segall, Goeldi, Abramo, Renina, Poty, Grassmann, at Museu Lasar Segall
1983 - Olinda PE - 2nd Exhibition of the Abelardo Rodrigues Visual Arts Collection, at MAC/Olinda
1983 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - 6th National Salon of Visual Arts, at MAM/RJ
1983 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - Group Show, at Galeria Cesar Aché
1983 - São Paulo SP - 14th Panorama of Current Brazilian Art, at MAM/SP
1984 - Curitiba PR - 6th City of Curitiba Printmaking Exhibition. Woodcut in the History of Brazilian Art, at Casa Romário Martins
1984 - Curitiba PR - Three Visionaries, at Simões de Assis Galeria de Arte
1984 - Porto Alegre RS - Prints: A Trajectory in Time, at Cambona Centro de Artes
1984 - Ribeirão Preto SP - Brazilian Printmakers of the 1950s/60s, at Galeria Campus-USP
1984 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - Woodcut in the History of Brazilian Art, at Funarte. Galeria Sérgio Milliet
1984 - São Paulo SP - 15th Panorama of Current Brazilian Art, at MAM/SP
1984 - São Paulo SP - The Color and Drawing of Brazil, at MAM/SP
1984 - São Paulo SP - Gilberto Chateaubriand Collection: Portrait and Self-Portrait of Brazilian Art, at MAM/SP
1984 - São Paulo SP - Tradition and Rupture: A Synthesis of Brazilian Art and Culture, at Fundação Bienal
1985 - Penápolis SP - 6th Noroeste Visual Arts Salon, at Fundação Educacional de Penápolis. Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Penápolis
1985 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - Encounters, at Petite Galerie
1985 - São Paulo SP - 100 Itaú Works, at Masp
1985 - São Paulo SP - 18th Bienal Internacional de São Paulo, at Fundação Bienal
1985 - São Paulo SP - The Art of the Imaginary, at Galeria Encontro das Artes
1985 - São Paulo SP - Highlights of Brazilian Contemporary Art, at MAM/SP
1986 - Curitiba PR - 7th Collection of the Museu Nacional da Gravura - Casa da Gravura, at Museu Guido Viaro
1987 - Campinas SP - 1st International Printmaking Biennial, at MACC
1987 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - To the Collector: Tribute to Gilberto Chateaubriand, at MAM/RJ
1987 - São Paulo SP - 18th Panorama of Current Brazilian Art, at MAM/SP
1987 - São Paulo SP - The Biennials in the MAC Collection: 1951 to 1985, at MAC/USP
1987 - São Paulo SP - 20th Contemporary Art Exhibition - Chapel Art Show
1988 - Curitiba PR - 8th City of Curitiba Printmaking Exhibition, at Casa Romário Martins
1988 - New York (United States) - The Latin American Spirit: Art and Artists in the United States: 1920-1970, at The Bronx Museum of the Arts
1988 - São Paulo SP - MAC 25 Years: Highlights of the Initial Collection, at MAC/USP
1988 - São Paulo SP - Rhythms and Forms: Contemporary Brazilian Art, at Sesc Pompéia
1989 - Copenhagen (Denmark) - Rhythms and Forms: Contemporary Brazilian Art, at Museu Charlottenborg
1989 - El Paso (United States) - The Latin American Spirit: Art and Artists in the United States: 1920-1970, at El Paso Museum of Art
1989 - Liubliana (Iugoslávia – atual Eslovênia) - 18th International Printmaking Biennial, at Moderna Galerija Ljubljana
1989 - San Juan (Puerto Rico) - The Latin American Spirit: art and artists in the United States, 1920-1970, at Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña
1989 - New York (United States) - Presence of Latin American Art, at The Bronx Museum of the Arts
1989 - Recife PE - Memory Game
1989 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - Brazilian Printmaking: 4 Themes, at EAV/Parque Lage
1989 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - Memory Game, at Montesanti Galleria
1989 - San Diego (United States) - The Latin American Spirit: Art and Artists in the United States: 1920-1970, at San Diego Museum of Art
1989 - San Juan (Puerto Rico) - The Latin American Spirit: Art and Artists in the United States: 1920-1970, at Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña
1989 - São Paulo SP - 20th Bienal Internacional de São Paulo, at Fundação Bienal
1989 - São Paulo SP - Memory Game, at Galeria Montesanti Roesler
1990 - Chicago (United States) - Brazil: Crossroads of Modern Art, at Randolph Gallery
1990 - Chicago (United States) - Singular Expressions of Brazilian Art, at Chicago Cultural Center
1990 - Curitiba PR - 9th Curitiba City Printmaking Show, at Museu da Gravura
1990 - Miami (United States) - The Latin American Spirit: art and artists in the United States, 1920-1970, at Center for the Fine Arts Miami Art Museum of Dade
1991 - Belo Horizonte MG - Two Portraits of Art, at MAP
1991 - Brasília DF - Two Portraits of Art, at Museu Histórico e Diplomático - Palácio Itamaraty
1991 - Curitiba PR - Two Portraits of Art, at Fundação Cultural de Curitiba. Solar do Barão
1991 - Curitiba PR - Museu Municipal de Arte: Collection, at Museu Municipal de Arte
1991 - Porto Alegre RS - Two Portraits of Art, at Margs
1991 - Recife PE - Two Portraits of Art, at Museu do Estado de Pernambuco
1991 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - Two Portraits of Art, at MAM/RJ
1991 - Salvador BA - Two Portraits of Art, at Museu de Arte da Bahia
1991 - Santos SP - 3rd Santos National Biennial, at Centro de Cultura Patrícia Galvão
1991 - São Paulo SP - Two Portraits of Art, at MAC/USP
1991 - São Paulo SP - What Are You Doing Now, Generation 60?: Young Contemporary Art of the 1960s Revisited, at MAC/USP
1991 - São Paulo SP - Records and Impressions: Seminal Artists, at Casa das Rosas
1992 - Americana SP - Reopening Exhibition of the Museu de Arte Contemporânea de Americana, at MAC/Americana
1992 - Curitiba PR - 10th Curitiba City Printmaking Show/Mostra América, at Museu da Gravura
1992 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - Art Printmaking in Brazil: A Proposal for a Mapping, at CCBB
1992 - São Paulo SP - Sérgio's View of Brazilian Art: Drawings and Paintings, at Biblioteca Municipal Mário de Andrade
1993 - João Pessoa PB - Woodcut: From Cordel to the Gallery, at Fundação Espaço Cultural da Paraíba
1993 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - Emblems of the Body: The Nude in Brazilian Modern Art, at CCBB
1993 - São Paulo SP - Modern Drawing in Brazil: Gilberto Chateaubriand Collection, at Galeria de Arte do Sesi
1993 - São Paulo SP - Works for Illustration of the Suplemento Literário: 1956-1967, at MAM/SP
1994 - Poços de Caldas MG - Unibanco Collection: Exhibition Celebrating Unibanco's 70 Years, at Casa de Cultura de Poços de Caldas
1994 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - Modern Drawing in Brazil: Gilberto Chateaubriand Collection, at MAM/RJ
1994 - São Paulo SP - Bienal Brasil Século XX, at Fundação Bienal
1994 - São Paulo SP - Prints: Subtleties and Mysteries, Printing Techniques, at Pinacoteca do Estado
1994 - São Paulo SP - Poetics of Resistance: Aspects of Brazilian Printmaking, at Galeria de Arte do Sesi
1994 - São Paulo SP - Woodcut: From Cordel to the Gallery, at Metrô
1995 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - Unibanco Collection: Exhibition Celebrating Unibanco's 70 Years, at MAM/RJ
1995 - São Paulo SP - Atelier Calcográfico Iole 15 Years, at Sesc Pompéia
1995 - São Paulo SP - Three Masters of Metal Engraving: Darel, Grassmann, Gruber, at Museu Banespa
1996 - São Paulo SP - Ex Libris/Home Page, at Paço das Artes
1996 - São Paulo SP - Figure and Landscape in the MAM Collection: Tribute to Volpi, at MAM/SP
1997 - São Paulo SP - Figures and Creatures, at Museu de Zoologia da USP
1998 - Campinas SP - The Great Art of Printmaking, at Galeria Croqui
1998 - São Paulo SP - The Modern and the Contemporary in Brazilian Art: Gilberto Chateaubriand Collection - MAM/RJ, at Masp
1998 - São Paulo SP - The Collectors - Guita and José Mindlin: Matrices and Prints, at Galeria de Arte do Sesi
1999 - Niterói RJ - Rio Printmaking Exhibition. Banerj Collection, at Museu do Ingá
1999 - Porto Alegre RS - Garagem de Arte: Inaugural Exhibition, at Garagem de Arte
1999 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - Rio Printmaking Exhibition. Brazilian Modern Printmaking: Museu Nacional de Belas Artes Collection, at MNBA
1999 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - Brazilian Literature and Printmaking, at ABL
1999 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - Rio Printmaking Exhibition. Brazilian Literature and Printmaking, at ABL
1999 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - Rio Printmaking Exhibition: Marcelo Grassmann, at Espaço Cultural dos Correios
1999 - São Paulo SP - The Resacralization of Art, at Sesc Pompéia
2000 - São Paulo SP - Investigations. Brazilian Printmaking, at Itaú Cultural
2000 - São Paulo SP - The Role of Art, at Galeria de Arte do Sesi
2000 - Valencia (Spain) - De la Antropofagia a Brasilia: Brasil 1920-1950, at IVAM. Centre Julio González
2001 - Brasília DF - Investigations. Brazilian Printmaking, at Galeria Itaú Cultural
2001 - Penápolis SP - Investigations. Brazilian Printmaking, at Galeria Itaú Cultural
2001 - Porto Alegre RS - Liba and Rubem Knijnik Collection: Contemporary Brazilian Art, at Margs
2001 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - Brazilian Watercolor, at Centro Cultural Light
2001 - São Paulo SP - Figures and Faces, at A Galeria
2001 - Uberlândia MG - Brazilian Prints from the MUnA Collection: The 1960s, 70s and 80s, at MUnA
2002 - Passo Fundo RS - Prints: Paulo Dalacorte Collection, at Museu de Artes Visuais Ruth Schneider
2002 - Porto Alegre RS - Drawings, Prints, Sculptures and Watercolors, at Garagem de Arte
2002 - Porto Alegre RS - Prints: Paulo Dalacorte Collection, at Museu do Trabalho
2002 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - Paths of the Contemporary 1952-2002, at Paço Imperial
2002 - São Paulo SP - From Anthropophagy to Brasília: Brazil 1920-1950, at MAB/Faap
2002 - São Paulo SP - Modernism: From the Week of '22 to Sérgio Milliet's Art Section, at CCSP
2003 - Rio de Janeiro RJ - Caixa Treasures: Brazilian Modern Art in the Caixa Collection, at Conjunto Cultural da Caixa
2003 - São Paulo SP - Art and Society: A Controversial Relationship, at Itaú Cultural
2003 - São Paulo SP - Entre Aberto, at Gravura Brasileira
2004 - São Paulo SP - Paper Cabinet, at CCSP
2004 - São Paulo SP - New Acquisitions: 1995 - 2003, at MAB/Faap
Source: Itaú Cultural
